scale-model investigation

мет. = scale-model investigation

мет. исследование на масштабной модели (исследование, при котором свойства какого-л. объекта изучаются с использованием выполненной в каком-л. масштабе модели данного объекта; напр., изучение циркуляции воды на модели, имитирующей рельеф и русла рек)

мет. модельное исследование, исследование на модели (изучение какого-л. объекта процесса или явления с использованием физической или математической модели, имитирующей свойства изучаемого объекта)

1) исследование; анализ

2) мн. ч. изыскания

3) расследование

— full-scale investigation

— model investigation

adjective ((of a drawing etc) of the same size as the subject: a full-scale drawing of a flower.) de tamaño natural

tr[fʊl'skeɪl]

adjective

1 (actual size) de tamaño natural

2 (complete, total - gen) completo,-a, total; (- investigation, search) a fondo

■ full-scale war guerra total, guerra generalizada

1) ( actual size) a escala natural

2) ( major) < work> de envergadura, importante; < investigation> a fondo; < test> a escala real; < war> declarado

[ˌfʊl'skeɪl]

* * *

1) ( actual size) a escala natural

2) ( major) < work> de envergadura, importante; < investigation> a fondo; < test> a escala real; < war> declarado

full-scale

adjective

(a) (model, plan) grandeur nature (inv)

(b) (all-out → strike, war) total; (→ attack, investigation) de grande envergure;

∎ the factory starts full-scale production this week l'usine commence a tourner à plein rendement cette semaine

►► Military full-scale fighting bataille f rangée

full-scale [ˈfʊlˈskeɪl]

   a. [war, conflict] généralisé ; [attack, negotiations] de grande envergure

   b. [drawing, model] grandeur nature inv

* * *

1) ( in proportion) [drawing] grandeur f nature

2) ( extensive) [operation] de grande envergure; [investigation, study] approfondi

3) ( total) [alert] général; [crisis] généralisé

4) ( complete) [performance] grand (before n)

A a.

1 pieno; colmo: The bottle is full, la bottiglia è piena; Don't talk with your mouth full!, non parlare a bocca piena!; a mug full of tea, un boccale pieno di tè; full of people [of mistakes], pieno di gente [di errori]; full of hope, pieno di speranza; full to overflowing, pieno fino a traboccare; stracolmo; half full, pieno a metà; mezzo vuoto

2 ( anche full up) pieno; sazio: I can't eat any more; I'm full (up), non posso mangiare altro; sono pieno (o sazio)

3 pieno, intero; completo: full moon, luna piena; plenilunio; full board, pensione completa; full pay, paga intera; a full hour, un'ora intera; a full meal, un pasto completo; full employment, pieno impiego; piena occupazione; in full view, in piena vista; pienamente visibile: in full view of everyone, sotto gli occhi di tutti

4 completo; esauriente; dettagliato: a full account, un resoconto completo; full investigation, indagine esauriente; full details, tutti i particolari

5 ampio; abbondante: a full supply, un'abbondante provvista; a full breakfast, una colazione abbondante; a full skirt, una gonna ampia

6 largo; pieno; carnoso; grassoccio: full hips, fianchi larghi; a full face, una faccia piena; full cheeks, gote grassocce; full lips, labbra carnose

7 pieno; intenso; ricco: a full life, una vita piena; full flavour, aroma intenso; gusto ricco

8 ( di colore) intenso; ricco; profondo

9 ( di suono) pieno; vibrante

10 ( di vino) corposo; pieno

11 (di vela) gonfia; spiegata: in full sail, con le vele spiegate

B n. [u]

– in full, completamente; pienamente; per intero; to the full, pienamente; appieno

C avv.

1 completamente; interamente; pienamente; del tutto: full-grown, adulto; pienamente sviluppato; maturo; full well, benissimo; perfettamente

2 in pieno; esattamente; proprio; dritto: The ball hit him full in the face, la palla l'ha colpito in pieno viso

● (leg.) full age, maggiore età □ full-aged, maggiorenne □ (naut.) full and by, di bolina stretta □ (autom.) full beam, luce degli abbaglianti: to put the lights on full beam, mettere gli abbaglianti □ full blood, razza pura □ full-blooded, di razza pura; purosangue; (fig.) senza compromessi, vigoroso, forte, energico, appassionato: full-blooded socialism, socialismo senza compromessi; full-blooded reforms, riforme vigorose □ full-blown, ( di fiore) del tutto sbocciato; (fig.) completo, pieno, vero e proprio; (med.) conclamato □ full-bodied, ( di vino) che ha corpo, corposo, pieno; ( di persona) corpulento, robusto □ (naut.) full-bottomed ship, una nave panciuta □ full-bottomed wig, parrucca alla Luigi XIV □ full brother, fratello germano □ ( di libro) full-bound, rilegato in tutta pelle □ (naut.) full cargo, carico completo □ full circle ► circle □ (spec. sport) full-contact, che prevede il contatto integrale; full-contact: ( sport) full-contact karate, full contact □ ( basket) full-court press, pressing a tutto campo □ full cousin, cugino carnale □ (ass.) full cover ( meno com.: full coverage), copertura totale □ (alim.) full-cream milk, latte intero □ full daylight, giorno fatto; pieno giorno □ full disclosure, piena trasparenza □ full dress, abito da sera (o da cerimonia) □ (mil.) full dress uniform, uniforme di gala □ full face, (sost.) (tipogr.) neretto; (avv.) di fronte □ full-face, (fotogr., pitt.) di fronte; (di casco, ecc.) che copre tutta la faccia □ full-faced, paffuto □ (trasp.) full fare, tariffa intera □ ( USA, sartoria) full-fashioned, attillato, aderente □ ( USA) full-fledged = fully fledged ► fully □ full-frontal, (rif. a nudo o nudità) integrale, frontale; ( di scena di film, ecc.) con nudi integrali; (fig.) senza freni, senza remore: full-frontal attack, un attacco frontale (o in piena regola) □ full-grown, = fully grown ► fully □ ( poker) full hand, full □ full-hearted, generoso □ full house, (teatr., cinem.) pienone, tutto esaurito; ( poker) full: I've got a full house, sevens over kings, ho in mano un full di sette, con due re □ (comput.) full installation, installazione completa □ (at) full length, (lungo) disteso □ full-length, a lunghezza intera; lungo fino a terra; per esteso; intero; integrale: full-length curtains, tende lunghe fino a terra; (cinem.) full-length film, lungometraggio; full-length mirror, specchio per tutta la persona; full-length portrait, ritratto a grandezza naturale; full-length version, versione integrale □ full liability, piena responsabilità □ (trasp.) full load, carico completo □ full marks, massimo dei voti; pieni voti □ (poet.) full many, moltissimi □ full measure, piena portata; piena misura □ full member, socio a pieno titolo □ (mil., USA) full-metal jacket, cartuccia corazzata □ (comput.) full mode, modalità estesa □ ( slang) the full monty, tutto quanto □ ( slang USA) full-mooner, matto; pazzo □ full-mouthed, ( di bestiame) che ha messo tutti i denti; ( di cane) che abbaia forte; ( di stile, ecc.) risonante, sonoro, vigoroso □ full name, nome e cognome □ ( lotta greco-romana) full nelson, doppia elson □ (fam.) full of beans, pieno di energia; vivace; in gran forma; ( USA) che dice sciocchezze, che racconta balle □ (fam.) full of the joys of spring, allegrissimo; pimpante; frizzante □ full of oneself, pieno di sé □ full of years, carico d'anni □ full on, (avv.) al massimo, a tutta forza, a tutto volume; ( anche) con forza, in pieno: The heater was full on, la stufetta era al massimo; He turned his car radio full on, ha messo l'autoradio a tutto volume; to be hit full on, essere colpito in pieno □ (fam.) full-on, (agg.) senza limiti; senza freni; completo, assoluto; vero e proprio □ (mus.) full orchestra, grande orchestra; orchestra al completo □ full out, a tutta velocità; a tutta birra (fam.) □ (giorn.) full-page, a tutta pagina; a pagina intera □ (comm.) full payment, pagamento a saldo; saldo □ ( nella punteggiatura) full point, punto; punto fermo □ (leg.) full power of attorney, procura generale □ (naut.) full-power trials, prove a tutta forza □ full price, prezzo pieno □ ( USA) full professor, (professore) ordinario ( d'università) □ (naut.) full rigger (o full-rigged ship), nave a vela completamente attrezzata; nave a tre alberi con vele quadre e bompresso □ full sail, a gonfie vele ( anche fig.); a tutta velocità □ full-scale, a grandezza naturale; ( anche) vero e proprio, in piena regola: full-scale model, modello a grandezza naturale; full-scale war, vera e propria guerra; guerra totale; full-scale enquiry, inchiesta in piena regola □ (mus.) full score, partitura completa □ (comput.) full screen, schermo intero: full screen view, visualizzazione a schermo intero □ (relig.) full service, funzione solenne ( con musica e canti del coro; simile alla ‘messa cantata’ dei cattolici) □ (comm.) full settlement, pagamento a saldo □ full sister, sorella germana □ full-size, a grandezza naturale □ full speed, velocità massima: at full speed, a tutta velocità □ (naut.) Full speed ahead!, avanti tutta! □ full stop, (GB) punto, punto fermo; (fam.) punto e basta: I won't argue with you, full stop!, con te non discuto più: punto e basta!; to come to a full stop, arrestarsi, fermarsi (del tutto); bloccarsi □ a full-throated, a piena gola □ full-term, ( di neonato) a termine □ (comput.) full-text search, ricerca full-text ( non limitata a parole chiave) □ (at) full tilt, a tutta velocità; di gran carriera; a tutta forza □ full time, tempo pieno; ( sport) tempo scaduto, fine ( di una partita, ecc.); ( calcio) 90В° minuto □ full-time ► full-time □ full-timer, studente (o lavoratore) a tempo pieno □ full to the brim, pieno fino all'orlo □ full to bursting, strapieno; stracolmo; pieno fino a scoppiare; pieno zeppo □ full to capacity, completamente pieno; gremito □ (mecc.) full-track vehicle, veicolo cingolato □ (fam.) full up, ( di locale, veicolo, ecc.) pieno, al completo; ( di persona) sazio, satollo, pieno (fam.) □ to fill (st.) full, colmare; riempire: Fill your glass full, riempi il tuo bicchiere! □ to give full details, dare ampi ragguagli; fornire ogni particolare □ to have a full heart, avere il cuore gonfio □ in full career, di gran carriera □ in full play, in piena attività □ (comm.) in full settlement, a saldo completo □ in full shade, completamente in ombra □ in full swing, in piena attività; in pieno svolgimento □ to turn st. to full account, trarre il massimo profitto da qc.

A v. t.

( sartoria) raccogliere ( la stoffa) in pieghe; rendere ampio ( un abito)

B v. i.

( USA: della luna) diventare piena.

(ind. tess.) follare.

— abbreviated wing

— active wing

— adjustable wing

— administrative wing

— aeroelastic wing

— aft wing

— air base wing

— air defense wing

— air transport wing

— air weather wing

— air wing

— air-space wing

— all-moving wing

— anhedral wing

— antisymmetric wing

— area-ruled wing

— arrow-headed wing

— augmentor wing

— auxiliary wing

— backswept wing

— base wing

— basic wing

— beefed-up wing

— biconvex wing

— blowing wing

— blown wing

— blunt-leading-edge wing

— blunt-trailing-edge wing

— bombardment heavy wing

— bombardment light wing

— bombardment medium wing

— bombardment wing

— bottom wing

— box-spar wing

— braced wing

— bracing wing

— cambered wing

— cantilever wing

— carpet wing

— carrier air wing

— center-section wing

— channel wing

— circular arc wing

— circular wing

— clean wing

— clipped delta wing

— combat wing

— completely wet wing

— composite wing

— conical wing

— continuous wing

— controllable wing

— conventional airfoil wing

— cranked wing

— cropped wing

— crossed wing

— cruciform wing

— deep wing

— defense wing

— delta wing

— detachable wing

— diamond-shaped wing

— differentially pivoted wings

— dihedral wing

— dip the wing

— double-delta wing

— double-wedge wing

— down-aileron wing

— down-going wing

— downwind wing

— dry wing

— efficient wing

— elliptical wing

— enlarged wing

— extendable detector wing

— extended wing

— extended-service-life wing

— fall-safe wing

— fan-wing wing

— ferry wing

— fighter air wing

— fighter-bomber wing

— fighter-day wing

— fighter-interception wing

— finite chord wing

— finite wing

— finite-span wing

— fixed-geometry wing

— flapless wing

— flapped wing

— flat-plate wing

— flexible wing

— floating wing

— fly wing

— flying wing

— folded wing

— folding wing

— forward wing

— forward-swept wing

— fuel-tight wing

— fully immersed wing

— fully swept wing

— gloved wing

— gothic wing

— gull wing

— half wing

— harmonically plunging wing

— high-aspect-ratio wing

— high-effect wing

— high-lift wing

— highly loaded wing

— highly sweptback wing

— highly-tapered wing

— high-mounted wing

— hollow wing

— inboard wing

— infinite span wing

— inner wing

— instrumented wing

— insulated wing

— integral-tank wing

— inverse-taper swept wing

— Inverted saucer wing

— isoclinic wing

— isolated wing

— jet wing

— jet-flapped wing

— keep wings level

— knife-edged wing

— knife-like wing

— laminar suction wing

— laminar-flow wing

— laminarized wing

— least-drag wing

— level the wings

— lifting wing

— light bombardment wing

— long-chord wing

— long-span wing

— low-aspect-ratlo wing

— low-drag wing

— lower wing

— low-inertia wing

— low-lift wing

— low-mounted wing

— low-sweep wing

— marine air wing

— minimum-drag wing

— movable wing

— moving wing

— M-planform wing

— multispar wing

— multitapered wing

— narrow delta wing

— near-delta wing

— nonlifting wing

— nonmovable wing

— nonplanar wings

— nonstraight-taper wing

— notched delta wing

— oblique wing

— ogee-planform wing

— ogival wing

— one-piece wing

— outboard wing

— packable wing

— parabola wing

— parallel wing

— parasol wing

— photo mapping wing

— pilot's wings

— pitching wing

— pivoting wing

— planar wing

— plane wing

— pointed wing

— polygonal wing

— port wing

— production wing

— propulsive wing

— raked-tip wing

— razor-thin wing

— rear-mounted wing

— rectangular wing

— reflected wing

— retractable wing

— reverse-tapered wing

— rigidly braced wing

— ring wing

— rolling wing

— rotary wings

— run wings dry

— sail-like flex wing

— saucer-shaped wing

— semicantilever wing

— semispan wing

— senior pilot's wings

— sharp leading-edge wing

— sharp-edged wing

— single-spar wing

— slender wing

— slewed wing

— slightly-swept wing

— slotted wing

— solid wing

— special investigation wing

— spread-out wing

— square-cut wing

— stalled wing

— starboard wing

— straight wing

— strategic wing

— strategical reconnaissance wing

— strengthened wing

— stressed-skin wing

— strut-braced wing

— stub wing

— suction wing

— supercritical wing

— supersonic wing

— supersonic-edge wing

— sweep wings aft

— sweep wings forward

— sweptback wing

— sweptforward wing

— swing wing

— symmetrical wing

— symmetrically deformed wing

— symmetrically tapered wing

— symmetrical-sections wing

— tactical fighter wing

— tactical wing

— tailless wing

— tandem wing

— test wing

— test-support wing

— thickened wing

— three-dimensional wing

— three-piece wing

— tiltable wing

— tilting wing

— top wing

— training wing

— triangle wing

— triangular wing

— troop-carrier medical wing

— troop-carrier wing

— tufted wing

— turbulent wing

— twisted wing

— two-dimensional wing

— two-position wing

— uncambered wing

— unflapped wing

— uniform wing

— uninterrupted wing

— unswept wing

— untapered wing

— unyawed wing

— up-aileron wing

— up-going wing

— upper wing

— upwind wing

— variable-dihedral wing

— variable-geometry wing

— variable-incidence wing

— variable-sweep wing

— walk a wing

— warped wing

— washin wing

— washout wing

— weather reconnaissance wing

— weightless wing

— wet wing

— wide-delta wing

— wing alone

— wing at incidence

— X wing

— yawed wing

— yawing wing

— zero-aspect-ratio wing

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Architecture and building, Horology, Weapons and armour

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[br]

Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.

In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.

In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.

Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.

Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.

At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.

Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.

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LRD / IMcN

1) Общая лексика: 7 layer model), (Open Society Institute) Институт открытого общества, Open Society Institute

2) Компьютерная техника: Open Source Initiative, Open System Interface

3) Американизм: Office Of Strategic Intelligence

4) Военный термин: Off-Shore Islands, Office of Special Investigations, Office of strategic Information, on-site inspection, operational status indicator, operational status interrogation, operations security indicators, other support items, overhead supply inventory, инспекция на местах, Operating Systems Incorporated (Contractor)

5) Техника: optimum scale integration

6) Химия: Orchestra Of Strategic Influence

7) Автомобильный термин: open system interconnect

8) Грубое выражение: Only Suckers Initialize

9) Телекоммуникации: Open Systems Interconnection (ISO, ITU-T)

10) Сокращение: Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of Special Investigations (USA), Open Space Institute, Open Standards / Systems Interconnection, off-the-shelf item, Open Systems Interconnection (per ISO; 7 layer model), Oil well with Shut In

11) Университет: Office Of Special Investigation

12) Вычислительная техника: Open Systems Interconnection( per ISO, open system interconnection, optimum-scale integration, Open Systems Interconnection (ISO 9646-1), Office of Scientific Integrity (NIH), open system interconnection

13) Нефть: oil well shut-in, нефтяная скважина с закрытым устьем (oil well, shut-in)

14) Космонавтика: соединение открытых систем

15) Фирменный знак: Origin Systems, Inc.

16) Деловая лексика: Operating System Intelligence

17) Сетевые технологии: BRM OSI basic reference model, IS-IS Open Systems Interconnections Intermediate System to Intermediate System, Open Systems Interface, взаимодействие открытых систем, протокол взаимодействия открытых систем, стандарт OSI

18) Автоматика: open systems interconnect (ion)

19) Сахалин Ю: open systems interconnection (Comms interface model)

20) Интернет: Open Systems Interconnection